Key takeaways

  • Foreclosures occur when a lender takes back a property from an owner who has defaulted on their mortgage payments.
  • Buying a foreclosed home can offer a good value and strong returns, but it also comes with a complicated process and potential for extensive repairs.
  • Buyers considering a foreclosed property should thoroughly assess its condition and be prepared for a competitive bidding process.

Buying a foreclosed home can potentially score you a great deal during a time when deals are hard to find. During the first two years of the pandemic, many homeowners were able to remain in their homes due to state and federal aid programs. Most of these programs have now ceased, and foreclosures were up 9 percent in the third quarter of 2023 versus Q3 2022, according to the real estate data company ATTOM. However, they are still relatively rare and not yet back to typical pre-pandemic levels.

The process of buying a foreclosed home is more nuanced than buying a traditional listing. If you’re wondering how to go about it, consider this your primer.

What is a foreclosure?

Foreclosures happen when a lender takes back a property from an owner who has fallen behind on payments and defaulted on their mortgage. Lenders will then try to recoup as much of their investment as possible by selling a foreclosed home for less than it might be worth. In the right situation, “you are getting something below market value because the bank is motivated to get the home sold,” says agent Rose Sklar of the Sklar Team at Coldwell Banker in Weston, Florida.

How to buy foreclosed homes

Buying a foreclosed home can be a great financial deal, but it’s more complicated than a conventional real estate transaction and requires careful research and preparation. Here’s a step-by-step guide for how to do it right.

1. Find an experienced real estate agent

Foreclosures can be difficult to find and price, so look for a real estate agent who specializes in them. An agent who is knowledgeable about the foreclosure process can better represent your interests and keep the transaction moving. Look for Realtors who have specialized real estate training in this area, such as the Certified Distressed Property Expert (CDPE) or Short Sales and Foreclosure Resource (SFR) designations.

Buyers can also choose to work directly with a bank instead of using a buyer’s agent. This can be risky, though: “Buyers feel more secure when they are [directly] represented,” says John Soffee, a Realtor with Freedom Realty Services in Midlothian, Virginia.

Types of foreclosure sales

Your agent can guide you through various types of distressed sales. These include:

  • Preforeclosures, in which a buyer bails out a seller before the bank takes the property
  • Short sales, in which the borrower owes more than the home is worth and the bank agrees to forgive some of the debt
  • Public auctions, in which bidders have a chance to make offers on foreclosed properties
  • Bank-owned homes, in which the lender now has ownership. You may hear these referred to as REO, or “real estate owned.”

Where to find foreclosure sales

  • Some lenders, including Bank of America and Citibank, post their bank-owned properties online.
  • The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) also lists its inventory of foreclosures.
  • So does Fannie Mae, on its HomePath portal.
  • Foreclosure listings can also turn up amid traditional listings on the local MLS, so ask your agent to look out for them, too. They can go fast, so be prepared to move quickly.

2. Get a preapproval letter

Foreclosures often get scooped up by real estate investors who pay cash. But don’t let that discourage you; many lenders will help you find the right financing to buy a foreclosed home. Unless you can afford to go up against the investors with cash, you’ll want a mortgage preapproval letter in hand when you make an offer on a foreclosure. “It separates the lookers from the buyers,” Soffee says.

A preapproval details how much money you’ll likely be able to borrow based on the lender’s thorough assessment of your finances, including credit score and income. “It’s always good to be prepared,” says Sklar. “Having your proof of funds will make it an easier transaction.”

You’ll also want to consider what kind of loan to get preapproved for. Foreclosed properties often require repairs or upgrades, and an FHA 203(k) loan can help. These loans allow buyers to finance repairs up to a certain dollar amount.

3. Determine what to offer

Finding the right price to offer is as much an art as it is a science. Your agent can run a comparative market analysis (CMA), which helps you understand comparable properties, or “comps” — that is, the prices of nearby similar homes that have sold recently.

Soffee says he runs a CMA from the last 180 days and evaluates several factors, including the pace of home sales and tax assessment history. If you’re up against cash offers, this information can help ensure your offer is a competitive one.

Your lender will require a professional appraisal to assess the home’s value, so keep that in mind when making your offer as well. If there’s a shortfall between your offer and the home’s appraised value, you might have to make up the difference in price.

4. Bid higher if other foreclosures are selling quickly

When a foreclosure comes on the market there is frequently hot competition, so be prepared to bid fast and high. There’s no exact formula on what the lender’s bottom line will be, so if foreclosed homes in your area are selling quickly, it’s important to work with your agent to craft a strong offer, backed up by your preapproval letter if obtaining a mortgage. Foreclosures are typically already discounted, so an offer that’s too low might be a non-starter.

Keep in mind that the type of house and location matter, so some homes might sell faster than others. Just as with a traditional sale, in competitive markets, you might need to offer full asking price (or slightly more if there are multiple bids) and keep contingencies to a minimum.

5. Be prepared for “as-is” condition

A foreclosure is usually sold “as-is.” This means that the seller is unlikely to make any repairs and does not guarantee the property’s condition — such as whether it has termite damage, structural issues or lead paint, for example. It’s smart to look for a foreclosed home on the lower end of your budget so you have room to increase your bids and pay for necessary repairs.

If you plan to buy a foreclosed home, be sure to get a home inspection so you know exactly what you’re in store for. An inspection isn’t required to buy a foreclosed home, but it can identify major issues the bank isn’t aware of. It will help you decide whether to move forward with the purchase or walk away from the deal (provided you’ve included a home inspection contingency in your contract).

Buying a foreclosed home: Pros and cons

Buying a foreclosed home is a personal decision. It depends on a variety of factors, including your risk tolerance, the property’s potential reward, your financing and your ability to move quickly. In many cases it also means you’re benefiting from someone else’s misfortune, which can be a deal-breaker for some people. Here are some pros and cons to consider.

Pros

  • Good value: Especially in down markets, foreclosed properties often sell for a discount, which can be substantial. “The advantage of purchasing a foreclosure property is, in short, price,” says Soffee.
  • Strong returns: If you find a well-priced foreclosure and perform repairs cost-effectively, your reward is a property worth more than you paid.

Cons

  • Complicated process: Compared to a typical transaction, buying a distressed property requires more specialized knowledge.
  • Extensive repairs: Foreclosed properties often need work. Struggling homeowners might ignore routine maintenance, so the repair bills can be expensive.
  • Stiff competition: Foreclosures typically are the purview of professional investors, and competing against them isn’t always easy.

FAQ

  • To get started, browse listings of distressed properties online (some good starting points are listed above). You might also check your local tax assessor’s website — these sometimes display lists of properties with delinquent taxes, a warning sign that a property is becoming distressed. In addition, look for a local Realtor who has experience working with distressed properties.
  • You don’t technically need a real estate agent to buy a foreclosed home, no. But it’s smart to have an expert in your corner for this kind of transaction. Foreclosure sales are different from traditional sales, and more complex. An agent will protect your interests and provide market knowledge that you might not be aware of.
  • Foreclosure sales are often dominated by deep-pocketed real estate investors who pay cash, but that doesn’t mean you can’t finance the purchase. Make sure the lender you work with understands the kind of property you’re looking to buy. Some loan products, such as the Federal Housing Administration’s FHA 203(k) loan, can be ideally suited for purchases that will need extensive repairs.